奥克兰assignment代写:幼儿和儿童能力的低估

2019-06-27 07:47

对幼儿和儿童能力的低估和对青少年能力的高估是皮亚杰理论的一个主要缺陷。当代儿童发展科学已经揭示出，婴幼儿的能力超出了皮亚杰的预期(Kail, 2012:180)。儿童中一些熟练的认知出现得比皮亚杰意识到的要早，另一些出现得比皮亚杰意识到的要晚(Carpenter, 2011，引自Santrock, 2011:50)。例如，有证据表明，儿童的客体表现比他认为的早3到4个月开始发展(Baillargeon, 2002;Wang, Baillargeon， & Paterson, 2005，引用于Weiten, 2010: 456)。这意味着婴儿理解物体的能力比皮亚杰的想法更强(Kail, 2012:181)。然而，一些青少年的能力被皮亚杰的认知理论高估了(Cacioppo and Freberg, 2013: 531)。皮亚杰认为，儿童在正式操作阶段能够理解数学原理(Pastorino and doyer - portillo, 2013: 340)。然而，Cacioppo和Freberg(2013: 531)认为皮亚杰的观点是非常错误的，因为孩子的思维水平还没有完全成熟，所以他们无法进行逻辑思考。
奥克兰assignment代写:幼儿和儿童能力的低估
Underestimate of infancy and childhood’s competence and overestimate the capability of adolescents could be considered as a major defect in Piaget’s theory. The contemporary science of child development has exposed that toddlers and infants have capability more than Piaget’s expectation (Kail, 2012:180). Some skilled cognition among children appears earlier than Piaget realized and others emerge latter (Carpenter, 2011, cited in Santrock, 2011:50). As an example, evidences have been revealed that object performance in children start to develop 3 to 4 months earlier than he believed (Baillargeon, 2002; Wang, Baillargeon, & Paterson, 2005, cited in Weiten, 2010: 456). This means infants have greater ability to understand objects than Piaget thought (Kail, 2012:181). However, some adolescent’s competence was overestimated by Piaget’s cognitive theory (Cacioppo and Freberg, 2013: 531). According to Piaget children in formal operation stage can understand the principles of math (Pastorino and Doyle-Portillo, 2013: 340). Nevertheless, Cacioppo and Freberg (2013: 531) state that Piaget was very wrong because of the level of children’s thinking is not fully mature, hence they cannot think logically.

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