新西兰代写作业:两个主权

2018-11-14 23:46

边沁认为人类是完全围绕着两件事。“自然把人类的治理下两个主权大师,痛苦和快乐。“因为这个原因他的道德理论是完全关心这两个。边沁认为,每个人都想快乐,没人想要痛苦。从这个他派生效用的原则是好是什么会给你带来最大的幸福最多的人。什么是正确的在每一个情况带来最快乐和减少痛苦。每一个道德困境是单独判断即使我们面临的情况可能熟悉之前总有变量,例如在大小的影响。什么是正确的在之前的情况可能不是最好的办法在新形势下我们面临着。边沁认为所有情况是不同的,创造出来的一种比较水平和决定所带来的痛苦和快乐的系统计算。边沁称之为带来幸福的微积分。每种情况的评定将在七个标准:强度(有多快乐),持续时间(持续多长时间),痛苦或快乐的确定性和不确定性,接近(快乐多久会发生),繁殖力(是否一个行动将遵循类似的环境好,纯度(它不会紧随其后的是一种负面的感觉),最后快乐的程度。带来幸福的微积分中的任何个人算得上一个,他不歧视。边沁认为,在任何情况下我们看看这些字段,通过这样做,我们可以计算一个动作是否会比另一个好。例如,如果长期快乐的程度超过一个临时的缺点或负面情况然后行动是正确的。一个可能会争辩说,他试图把道德变成一种数学实际上是不切实际的,我们总是会有时间权衡所有的问题我们的行动。我们真的能如何衡量快乐,我们不能轻易地尝试用单位。
新西兰代写作业:两个主权
Bentham saw humanity as being completely centered around two things. “Nature has placed mankind under the governance of two sovereign masters, pain and pleasure.” For this reason his ethical theory is entirely concerned with the two. Bentham saw it that everyone wants pleasure and nobody wants pain. From this he derived the principle of utility which was that the good is whatever brings the greatest happiness to the greatest number of people. What is right to do in every situation is bring about the most pleasure and minimise the pain. Every moral dilemma is judged individually as even though the circumstances may be familiar to ones we have faced before there are always variables, for example in the size of the group effected. So what was right to do in a previous situation may not be the best thing to do in the new situation we are faced with. Bentham understood that all situations are different and created a way of comparing levels and pain and pleasure brought about by a decision with a system of calculation. Bentham called this the felicific calculus. Each situation would be judged on seven criteria: Intensity (how strong the pleasure is), duration (how long it lasts), certainty or uncertainty of the pain or pleasure, propinquity (how soon the pleasure will occur), fecundity (the question of whether an action will be followed with similar good circumstances, purity (that it wont be followed by sensations of a negative kind) and finally the extent of the pleasure. In the felicific calculus any individual counts as one, he did not discriminate. Bentham proposes that in every situation we look at all these fields and through doing so we could calculate whether one action would be better than a different one. For example if the extent of the pleasure in the long run outweighs a temporary disadvantage or negative situation then the action is right. One may argue that his attempt to turn morality into a type of math is in fact impractical, will we always have the time to weigh up all the issues surrounding our action. Also how can we really measure pleasure, we can’t easily attempt to do it in units.

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