莫纳什代写assignment:原则的需要

It is starting to become clear that part of the problem in attempting to describe a person in terms of categories is that it's very difficult to fit the personality problems that present to a clinician in a limited set of categories. Not only that, it can be positively misleading. Also, there is a need for conceptual coherence in the categorisation of personality disorders - some organising principle. What answers, then, have been proposed to this problem? What is clear from the attempt to create a classification of personality disorders is that there are two fundamental questions: what factors can be clustered together in order to describe a type of disorder and what individual differences might there be? This has suggested to many researchers parallels with personality theory.

One of the primary conceptual problems, that of having categories, is dealt with in personality theory by the use of dimensions or spectrums of each trait. This idea immediately raises the question of how many dimensions should be posited. There have been a number of attempts to create a satisfactory model with a dimensional structure, mostly using factor analysis. For example Cloninger (1994) proposed a model comprising three character dimensions of self-directedness, cooperativeness and self-transcendence, with four temperament dimensions of reward dependence, harm avoidance, novelty seeking and persistence. Costa & Widiger (1994) however, are critical of this model, as well as other variations, and are the main proponents of applying the Five Factor Model (FFM) of personality dimensions to personality disorders. The FFM is born out of a long history in personality psychology of the analysis of traits that has produced five top level factors. It is claimed that its dimensions describe everyone's personality. Presenting their evidence built up in a series of studies, they show how the FFM consistently correlates particular factors across different samples. For example BPD can be seen as an excessively high level of neuroticism in the FFM.

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